Writing about divorce my hinder healing

Following
a divorce or separation, many people are encouraged by loved ones or
health-care professionals to keep journals about their feelings. But for
some, writing in-depth about those feelings immediately after a split
may do more harm than good, according to new research conducted at the
University of Arizona.

David Sbarra, UA associate professor of psychology

In a study of 90 recently divorced or separated individuals, UA associate professor of psychology David Sbarra (in photo at left) and colleagues found that writing about one’s feelings can actually
leave some people feeling more emotionally distraught months down the
line, particularly those individuals who are prone to seeking a deeper
meaning for their failed marriage.

The findings, to be published in a forthcoming issue of the journal
Clinical Psychological Science, came as a surprise to Sbarra, who
initially set out to compare the effectiveness of two different styles
of expressive writing on the emotional healing of recently separated or
divorced individuals.

“There are very few known interventions to promote adjustment and
healing after marital separation,” said Sbarra, who also is director of
clinical training for the UA psychology department.
“So our basic starting point was that we need experimental data on how
to improve people’s lives and how to promote wellness after this
difficult event.”

Sbarra studied individuals who had physically separated from a spouse
on an average of three months before the start of the study. After
completing an initial assessment to determine their emotional baseline,
participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Members of
one group were asked to write about their feelings about their
relationship through traditional expressive writing. Another group was
asked to practice a technique known as narrative expressive writing – to
write about feelings but within the framework of a narrative with a
beginning, middle and end, effectively telling the story of the
marriage. The third, the control group, was instructed to simply keep a
journal of basic daily activities, without writing about emotions or
opinions.

The participants were asked to write in a journal, using their
prescribed style, for 20 minutes a day for three consecutive days. Eight
months later, their emotional state was re-evaluated in a follow-up
assessment.

The goal was to see if those who practiced narrative expressive
writing would experience greater healing benefits than those assigned to
do traditional expressive writing.

The unexpected results suggest expressive writing of any kind can
actually hinder emotional recovery for certain individuals, whereas
non-expressive control writing might actually be a more effective
intervention.

This was found to be true specifically among those labeled in the
initial assessment as “high ruminators” – those with a tendency to brood
over the circumstances of their separation in search of answers.

“At the eight-month follow up period, high ruminators actually
reported the least distress in the control condition, suggesting that
control writing for these people may actually be the beneficial thing,”
Sbarra said.

Although not what he expected, Sbarra says the study’s findings make sense in retrospect.

“These are people who are essentially searching for meaning in their
experience or who have a tendency to ruminate on their experience, brood
on their experience and go over it and over it and over it again,” he
said.

“If a person goes over and over something in their head, and then you
say, ‘Write down your deepest darkest thoughts and go over it again,’
we will intensify their distress,” he said.

Further research is needed, Sbarra said, to measure whether
non-expressive control writing provides healing benefits over not
journaling at all. But he can imagine how journaling about mundane tasks
might be helpful to some.

“If you’re someone who tends to be totally in your head and go over
and over what happened and why it happened, you need to get out of your
head and just start thinking about how you’re going to put your life
back together and organize your time,” Sbarra said. “Some people might
naively call this avoidance, but it’s not avoidance; it is just
re-engagement in life, and the control writing asks people to engage in
this process.”

Those in the study identified as “low ruminators” – those not
brooding over their marital separation – had similar emotional outcomes
regardless of what type of writing style they were assigned.

Sbarra is quick to note that expressive writing has proved in
numerous studies to be an effective intervention for individuals who
have experienced stressful life events, and it should not be discounted.
However, his recent findings suggest it may not be the best approach
universally.  

“I think many, many therapists have a tendency to believe that
journaling unequivocally is a good thing to do, especially when people
are trying to figure things out in their head,” he said.

“This study is important because it challenges our notions about what
might be the thing to do to promote healing after a divorce,” he said.
“It makes us reconsider the things we do to try to put our lives back
together.”

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