Harry Levinson, a psychologist who helped change corporate America’s thinking about the workplace by demonstrating a link between job conditions and emotional health — a progressive notion when he began developing his ideas in the 1950s — died Tuesday in Delray Beach, Fla. He was 90.
His death was confirmed by his son Marc.
As a management consultant and an educator at Harvard, MIT and other universities, and through books, seminars and his own research institute, Levinson showed how psychoanalytical theories and methods could be used to motivate employees. He was among the first psychologists to postulate a connection between thwarted career aspirations and depression.
Many of his management theories are now practically truisms. But to the gray-flannel corporate culture of the postwar years, they were novel, compelling many managers to think beyond the traditional reward system of promotions and paychecks to motivate employees.
One of Levinson’s ideas, put forth in his book “The Exceptional Executive” (1968), held that companies must be “learning organizations” and that their leaders must be teachers. The concept was adopted and popularized decades later by John Welch Jr., the former General Electric chairman and one of corporate America’s most influential leaders.
Levinson argued that a psychological contract existed between employees and employers, laying out the expectations each had of the other. Employees who feel that their employers have violated that contract will feel depressed, he said, and may well become underachievers.
He envisioned an even more dire situation in which employees despair of ever reaching their full potential — in psychological parlance, when they face a wide gap between their self-image and their ego ideal. It did not matter if such discontented employees were reacting to workplace unfairness or to their own inherent insecurities, he said; in either case, they were likely to feel helpless and depressed, and thus be underproductive or even disruptive.
Levinson was an early promoter of the idea that companies, like people, had distinct personalities, or cultures, that grew out of their history and the demographics of their workforce. He developed methods to identify and isolate the elements of a company’s culture and discern their impact on workers. His 1972 book on the subject, “Organizational Diagnosis,” has been used widely as a business school text.
Harry Levinson was born on Jan. 16, 1922, in Port Jervis, N.Y. He was the oldest of three children of David Levinson, a tailor, and the former Gussie Nudell Levinson, both Jewish immigrants from Russia.
Harry’s career goal as a teenager was to teach, but as a Jew in a time of virulent anti-Semitism, he believed his chances of landing a teaching job in New York State were slim. When a friendly high school guidance counselor persuaded him that he would do better in the Midwest, he enrolled in Kansas State Teachers College (now Emporia State University).
After receiving his bachelor of science degree in 1943, Levinson joined the wartime Army, serving mostly in Italy, where he often tried to teach illiterate Army friends how to read. In 1946, he married his childhood sweetheart, Roberta Freiman, and then earned a master’s degree from Emporia State and a doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Kansas.
As part of his doctoral studies, Levinson spent two weeks observing the way mentally ill patients were treated at the Topeka State Hospital in Kansas, then submitted a paper describing how their treatment could be improved. His ideas fell on receptive ears; the hospital hired him. He then spent more than three years instituting better ways of keeping track of patients, treating their ailments and raising the hospital’s profile with legislators and potential donors.
The young doctor’s methods were soon noticed by William Menninger, a co-founder of the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, which was renowned for innovative psychiatric methodologies. Menninger, whose clinic later moved to Houston, invited Levinson to join the clinic, and to shift his emphasis from curing sick people to helping well people stay well.
There Menninger seized on a theory that experiences at work were a visceral part of being well, and he began visiting corporations to see what they were doing to ensure the mental health of their employees. He was stunned to discover that few, if any, were paying attention to it.
From then on, he devoted his career to filling that knowledge gap. In 1954 he created the Division of Industrial Mental Health at the Menninger Foundation and began developing seminars on how to apply psychoanalytic theory to leadership and management.
In 1968, Levinson moved to Cambridge, Mass., taught graduate classes at the Harvard Business School and became a professor of clinical psychology at the Harvard Medical School.
His career thrived at Harvard, but his marriage did not; he and his first wife were divorced in 1970. Twenty years later, he married Miriam Lewis, whom he had met on a blind date.
Levinson wrote or edited 16 books as well as numerous articles in The Harvard Business Review and other management publications. He was a visiting professor of both psychology and business at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Kansas and Texas AM University.
He ran the Levinson Institute until 1991, when he sold it to Gerald Krines. Macular degeneration began destroying Levinson’s eyesight in 2001, effectively ending his days of reading and writing.
Levinson had lived in Delray Beach since 1997.