PUNISHMENT can be as good at improving performance as rewards, University of Nottingham researchers found.

A study at the university's School of Psychology asked people to judge whether a blurred shape behind a rainy window was a person or something else. Wrong decisions were punished with monetary penalties.

They found that participants' performance increased as the amount of punishment increased – suggesting that punishment acts as a "performance enhancer" in a similar way to reward.

Dr Marios Philiastides, who led the work, said: "This reveals important new information about how the brain functions that could lead to new methods of diagnosing neural disorders such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, where decision-making processes have been shown to be compromised."

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