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( ) ǡ ǡ ʡ . . ɡ . .

() ǡ . ѡ ۡ - - ɡ .

ѡ ɻ phenotypic plasticity. . 1809 ˡ ʺ ɺ ɻ ɻ (Agrawal 2001).

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ɡ ɺ ɡ 90 18 (Perry 2000). ɺ ء ɡ . ( ) ɡ ǡ Weaver (Weaver 2007 Weaver et al 2005 Zsyf et al 2007).

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ɡ . ɡ ҡ . (Solomon and Heide 1999). (Hilton and Mezey 1996). ѡ ۺ ɡ (Perry 2000).

ˡ . ̡ ̡ ˺ . Patricia Raya (Raya 2010).

(354 - 430) ѻ. ɡ ɡ ɡ ߡ ɡ ȡ ɡ ˡ ɡ .

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